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Computer processor history

Year	Event
1823	Baron Jons Jackob Berzelius discovers silicon (Si), which today is the basic component of processors.
1903	Nikola Tesla patents electrical logic circuits called "gates" or "switches".
1947	John Bardeen, Walter Brattain, and William Shockley invent the first transistor at the Bell Laboratories on December 23, 1947.
1948	John Bardeen, Walter Brattain, and William Shockley patent the first transistor.
1956	John Bardeen, Walter Brattain, and William Shockley are awarded the Nobel Prize in physics for their work on the transistor.
1958	The first integrated circuit is first developed by Robert Noyce of Fairchild Semiconductor and Jack Kilby of Texas Instruments. The first IC was demonstrated on September 12, 1958.
1960	IBM develops the first automatic mass-production facility for transistors in New York.
1968	Intel Corporation is founded by Robert Noyce and Gordon Moore.
1969	Advanced Micro Devices (AMD) is founded on May 1, 1969.
1971	Intel with the help of Ted Hoff introduces the first microprocessor, the Intel 4004 on November 15, 1971. The 4004 had 2,300 transistors, performed 60,000 operations per second (OPS), addressed 640 bytes of memory, and cost $200.00.
1972	Intel introduces the 8008 processor on April 1, 1972.
1974	Intel's improved microprocessor chip is introduced April 1, 1974, the 8080 becomes a standard in the computer industry.
1976	Intel introduces the 8085 processor on March 1976.
1976	The Intel 8086 is introduced June 8, 1976.
1979	The Intel 8088 is released on June 1, 1979.
1979	The Motorola 68000, a 16/32-bit processor is released and is later chosen as the processor for the Apple Macintosh and Amiga computers.
1982	The Intel 80286 is introduced February 1, 1982.
1985	Intel introduces the first 80386 in October 1985.
1987	The SPARC processor is first introduced by Sun.
1988	Intel 80386SX is introduced.
1991	AMD introduces the AM386 microprocessor family in March.
1991	Intel introduces the Intel 486SX chip in April in efforts to help bring a lower-cost processor to the PC market selling for $258.00.
1992	Intel releases the 486DX2 chip March 2 with a clock doubling ability that generates higher operating speeds.
1993	Intel releases the Pentium processor on March 22 1993. The processor is a 60 MHz processor, incorporates 3.1 million transistors and sells for $878.00.
1994	Intel releases the second generation of Intel Pentium processors on March 7, 1994.
1995	Intel introduces the Intel Pentium Pro in November of 1995.
1996	Intel announces the availability of the Pentium 150 MHz with 60MHz bus and 166 MHz with 66 MHz bus on January 4th.
1996	AMD introduces the K5 processor on March 27, 1996, with speeds of 75 MHz to 133 MHz and bus speeds of 50 MHz, 60 MHz, or 66 MHz. The K5 is the first processor developed completely in-house by AMD.
1997	AMD releases their K6 processor line in April of 1997, with speeds of 166 MHz to 300 MHz and a 66 MHz bus speed.
1997	Intel Pentium II is introduced on May 7, 1997.
1998	AMD introduces their new K6-2 processor line on May 28, 1998, with speeds of 266 MHz to 550 MHz and bus speeds of 66 MHz to 100 MHz. The K6-2 processor is an enhanced version of AMD's K6 processor.
1998	Intel releases the first Xeon processor, the Pentium II Xeon 400 (512K or 1M Cache, 400 MHz, 100 MHz FSB) in June of 1998.
1999	Intel releases the Celeron 366 MHz and 400 MHz processors on January 4, 1999.
1999	AMD released its K6-III processors on February 22, 1999, with speeds of 400 MHz or 450 MHz and bus speeds of 66MHz to 100 MHz. It also featured an on-die L2 cache.
1999	The Intel Pentium III 500 MHz is released on February 26, 1999.
1999	The Intel Pentium III 550 MHz is released on May 17, 1999.
1999	AMD introduced the Athlon processor series on June 23, 1999. The Athlon would be produced for the next 6 years in speeds ranging from 500 MHz up to 2.33 GHz.
1999	The Intel Pentium III 600 MHz is released on August 2, 1999.
1999	The Intel Pentium III 533B and 600B MHz is released on September 27, 1999.
1999	The Intel Pentium III Coppermine series is first introduced on October 25, 1999.
2000	On January 5, AMD releases the 800 MHz Athlon processor.
2000	Intel releases the Celeron 533 MHz with a 66 MHz bus processor on January 4th.
2000	AMD first released the Duron processor on June 19, 2000, with speeds of 600 MHz to 1.8 GHz and bus speeds of 200 MHz to 266 MHz. The Duron was built on the same K7 architecture as the Athlon processor.
2000	Intel announces on August 28th that it will recall its 1.3 GHz Pentium III processors due to a glitch. Users with these processors should contact their vendors for additional information about the recall.
2001	On January 3, Intel releases the 800 MHz Celeron processor with a 100 MHz bus.
2001	On January 3 Intel releases the 1.3 GHz Pentium 4 processor.
2001	AMD announces a new branding scheme on October 9, 2001. Instead of identifying processors by their clock speed, the AMD Athlon XP processors will bear monikers of 1500+, 1600+, 1700+, 1800+, 1900+, 2000+, etc., with each higher model number representing a higher clock speed.
2002	Intel releases the Celeron 1.3 GHz with a 100 MHz bus and 256 kB of level 2 cache.
2003	Intel Pentium M is introduced in March.
2003	AMD releases the first single-core Opteron processors, with speeds of 1.4 GHz to 2.4 GHz and 1024 KB L2 cache, on April 22, 2003.
2003	AMD releases the first Athlon 64 processors, the 3200+ (2.0 GHz, 1024 KB L2 cache), and the first Athlon 64 FX processor, the FX-51 (2.2 GHz, 1024 KB L2 cache), on September 23, 2003.
2004	AMD releases the first Sempron processor on July 28, 2004, with a 1.5 GHz to 2.0 GHz clock speed and 166 MHz bus speed.
2005	AMD releases their first dual-core processor, the Athlon 64 X2 3800+ (2.0 GHz, 512 KB L2 cache per core), on April 21, 2005.
2006	Intel releases the Core 2 Duo processor E6320 (4M Cache, 1.86 GHz, 1066 MHz FSB) April 22, 2006.
2006	Intel introduces the Intel Core 2 Duo processors with the Core 2 Duo processor E6300 (2M Cache, 1.86 GHz, 1066 MHz FSB) July 27, 2006.
2006	Intel introduces the Intel Core 2 Duo processor for the laptop computer with the Core 2 Duo processor T5500 (2M Cache, 1.67 GHz, 667 MHz FSB), as well as other Core 2 Duo T series processors, in August 2006.
2007	Intel releases the Core 2 Quad processor Q6600 (8M Cache, 2.40 GHz, 1066 MHz FSB) in January 2007.
2007	Intel releases the Core 2 Duo processor E4300 (2M Cache, 1.80 GHz, 800 MHz FSB) January 21, 2007.
2007	Intel releases the Core 2 Quad processor Q6700 (8M Cache, 2.67 GHz, 1066 MHz FSB) in April 2007.
2007	Intel releases the Core 2 Duo processor E4400 (2M Cache, 2.00 GHz, 800 MHz FSB) April 22, 2007.
2007	AMD renames the Athlon 64 X2 processor line to just Athlon X2 and releases the first in that line, the Brisbane series (1.9 to 2.6 GHz, 512KB L2 Cache) on June 1, 2007.
2007	Intel releases the Core 2 Duo processor E4500 (2M Cache, 2.20 GHz, 800 MHz FSB) July 22, 2007.
2007	Intel releases the Core 2 Duo processor E4600 (2M Cache, 2.40 GHz, 800 MHz FSB) October 21, 2007.
2007	AMD releases the first Phenom X4 processors (2M Cache, 1.8 GHz to 2.6 GHz, 1066 MHz FSB) on November 19, 2007.
2008	Intel releases the Core 2 Quad processor Q9300 (6M Cache, 2.50 GHz, 1333 MHz FSB) and the Core 2 Quad processor Q9450 (12M Cache, 2.67 GHz, 1333 MHz FSB) in March 2008.
2008	Intel releases the Core 2 Duo processor E4700 (2M Cache, 2.60 GHz, 800 MHz FSB) March 2, 2008.
2008	AMD releases the first Phenom X3 processors (2M Cache, 2.1 GHz to 2.5 GHz, 1066 MHz FSB) on March 27, 2008.
2008	Intel releases the Core 2 Duo processor E7200 (3M Cache, 2.53 GHz, 1066 MHz FSB) on April 20, 2008.
2008	Intel releases the Core 2 Duo processor E7300 (3M Cache, 2.66 GHz, 1066 MHz FSB) August 10, 2008.
2008	Intel releases several Core 2 Quad processors in August 2008: the Q8200 (4M Cache, 2.33 GHz, 1333 MHz FSB), the Q9400 (6M Cache, 2.67 GHz, 1333 MHz FSB), and the Q9650 (12M Cache, 3.00 GHz, 1333 MHz FSB)
2008	Intel releases the Core 2 Duo processor E7400 (3M Cache, 2.80 GHz, 1066 MHz FSB) October 19, 2008.
2008	Intel releases the first Core i7 Desktop processors in November 2008: the i7-920 (8M Cache, 2.67 GHz, 1066 MHz FSB), the i7-940 (8M Cache, 2.93 GHz, 1066 MHz FSB), and the i7-965 Extreme Edition (8M Cache, 3.2 GHz, 1066 MHz FSB).
2009	AMD releases the first Phenom II X4 (quad core) processors (6M Cache, 2.5 to 3.7 GHz, 1066 MHZ or 1333 MHz FSB) on January 8, 2009.
2009	Intel releases the Core 2 Duo processor E7500 (3M Cache, 2.93 GHz, 1066 MHz FSB) January 18, 2009
2009	AMD releases the first Phenom II X3 (triple core) processors (6M Cache, 2.5 to 3.0 GHz, 1066 MHZ or 1333 MHz FSB) on February 9, 2009.
2009	Intel releases the Core 2 Quad processor Q8400 (4M Cache, 2.67 GHz, 1333 MHz FSB) in April 2009
2009	Intel releases the Core 2 Duo processor E7600 (3M Cache, 3.06 GHz, 1066 MHz FSB) May 31, 2009
2009	AMD releases the first Athlon II X2 (dual core) processors (1024KB L2 Cache, 1.6 to 3.5 GHz, 1066 MHZ or 1333 MHz FSB) in June 2009.
2009	AMD releases the first Phenom II X2 (dual core) processors (6M Cache, 3.0 to 3.5 GHz, 1066 MHZ or 1333 MHz FSB) on June 1, 2009.
2009	AMD releases the first Athlon II X4 (quad core) processors (512KB L2 Cache, 2.2 to 3.1 GHz, 1066 MHZ or 1333 MHz FSB) in September 2009.
2009	Intel releases the first Core i5 Desktop processor with 2 cores, the i5-750 (8M Cache, 2.67 GHz, 1333 MHz FSB), on September 8, 2009
2009	AMD releases the first Athlon II X3 (triple core) processors (512KB L2 Cache, 2.2 to 3.4 GHz, 1066 MHZ or 1333 MHz FSB) in October 2009.
2010	Intel releases the Core 2 Quad processor Q9500 (6M Cache, 2.83 GHz, 1333 MHz FSB) in January 2010
2010	Intel releases the first Core i5 Mobile processors, the i5-430M (3M Cache, 2.27 GHz, 1066 MHz FSB) and the i5-520E (3M Cache, 2.4 GHZ, 1066 MHz FSB) in January 2010
2010	Intel releases the first Core i5 Desktop processor over 3.0 GHz, the i5-650 (4M Cache, 3.20 GHz, 1333 MHz FSB) in January 2010
2010	Intel releases the first Core i3 Desktop processors, the i3-530 (4M Cache, 2.93 GHz, 1333 MHz FSB) and the i3-540 (4M Cache, 3.06 GHz, 1333 MHz FS), on January 7, 2010
2010	Intel releases the first Core i3 Mobile processors, the i3-330M (3M Cache, 2.13 GHz, 1066 MHz FSB) and the i3-350M (3M Cache, 2.27 GHz, 1066 MHz FSB), on January 7, 2010
2010	AMD releases the first Phenom II X6 (hex/six core) processors (6M Cache, 2.6 to 3.3 GHz... or 3.7 GHz with Turbo Core) on April 27, 2010.
2011	Intel releases seven new Core i5 processors with 4 cores, the i5-2xxx series (6M Cache, 2.3 GHz to 3.3 GHz) in January 2011
2011	AMD releases the first mobile processors in their A4 line, the A4-3300M (2M L2 Cache, 1.9 GHz, 1333 MHz FSB) and the A4-3310MX (2M L2 Cache, 2.1 GHz, 1333 MHz FSB) on June 14, 2011.
2011	AMD releases the first mobile processors in their A6 line, the A6-3400M (4M L2 Cache, 1.4 GHz, 1333 MHz FSB) and the A6-3410MX (4M L2 Cache, 1.6 GHz, 1600 MHz FSB) on June 14, 2011.
2011	AMD releases the first mobile processors in their A8 line, the A8-3500M (4M L2 Cache, 1.5 GHz, 1333 MHz FSB), the A8-3510MX (4M L2 Cache, 1.8 GHz, 1600 MHz FSB), and the A8-3530MX (4M L2 Cache, 1.9 GHz, 1600 MHz FSB) on June 14, 2011.
2011	AMD releases the first desktop processor in their A6 line, the A6-3650 (4M L2 Cache, 2.6 GHz, 1866 MHz FSB) on June 30, 2011.
2011	AMD releases the first desktop processor in their A8 line, the A8-3850 (4M L2 Cache, 2.9 GHz, 1866 MHz FSB) on June 30, 2011.
2011	AMD releases the first desktop processors in their A4 line, the A4-3300 (1024KB L2 Cache, 2.5 GHz, 1600 MHz FSB) and the A4-3400 (1024KB L2 Cache, 2.7 GHz, 1600 MHz FSB) on September 7, 2011.
2012	AMD releases the first desktop processors in their A10 line, the A10-5700 (4M L2 Cache, 3.4 GHz or 4.0 GHz in Turbo mode, 1866 MHz FSB) and the A10-5800K (4M L2 Cache, 3.8 GHz or 4.2 GHz in Turbo mode, 1866 MHz FSB) on October 1, 2012.

Indian Government Is Launching Its Own Operating System 'BOSS' To Replace Microsoft Windows

Indian Government will soon have its very own, home-grown operating system for official purposes. The Centre for Development of Advanced Computing (C-DAC) has developed a highly secure OS, called Bharat Operating System Solutions or BOSS. The system has successfully passed a crash test which the DRDO, Indian Army and other state-entities have been working hard to clear with their own systems.

BOSS is India's answer to hacks that created havoc in China and the US.
While the main purpose behind using BOSS is to make Indian IT machinery hack-proof, it will also aid towards scaling down the country-wide use of Microsoft Windows in government offices.
The current version of BOSS is an update over its 2007-predecessor, that lacked user-friendly features and speedier upgrades.
"We have no dearth of developers here. BOSS has almost all the features that one can get in, say, Windows. The earlier version was less user-friendly and had few features. We will seek help of Indian software biggies to develop it further," confirmed an official.
The government is planning to roll it out this week. 

A brief of Internet history time line
Early research and development:
• 1961 – Submitted the First packet-switching papers
• 1966 – Merit Network founded
• 1966 – ARPANET planning starts
• 1969 – ARPANET carries its first packets
• 1970 – Mark I network atNPL (UK)
• 1970 – Network Information Center (NIC)
• 1971 – Merit Network’s packet-switched network operational
• 1971 – Tymnet packet-switched network
• 1972 – Internet Assigned Numbers Authority (IANA) established
• 1973 – CYCLADES network demonstrated
• 1974 – Telenet packet-switched network
• 1976 – X.25 protocol approved
• 1978 – Minitel introduced
• 1979 – Internet Activities Board (IAB)
• 1980 – USENET news usingUUCP
• 1980 – Ethernet standard introduced
• 1981 – BITNET established
Merging the networks and creating the Internet:
• 1981 – Computer Science Network (CSNET)
• 1982 – TCP/IP protocol suite formalized
• 1982 – Simple Mail Transfer Protocol (SMTP)
• 1983 – Domain Name System (DNS)
• 1983 – MILNET split off from ARPANET
• 1985 – First .COM domain name registered
• 1986 – NSFNET with 56 kbit/s links
• 1986 – Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF)
• 1987 – UUNET founded
• 1988 – NSFNET upgraded to 1.5 Mbit/s (T1)
• 1988 – OSI Reference Model released
• 1988 – Morris worm
• 1989 – Border Gateway Protocol (BGP)
• 1989 – PSINet founded, allows commercial traffic
• 1989 – Federal Internet Exchanges (FIXes)
• 1990 – GOSIP (without TCP/IP)
• 1990 – ARPANET decommissioned
• 1990 – Advanced Network and Services (ANS)
• 1990 – UUNET/Alternet allows commercial traffic
• 1990 – Archie search engine
• 1991 – Wide area information server (WAIS)
• 1991 – Gopher
• 1991 – Commercial Internet eXchange (CIX)
• 1991 – ANS CO+RE allows commercial traffic
• 1991 – World Wide Web(WWW)
• 1992 – NSFNET upgraded to 45 Mbit/s (T3)
• 1992 – Internet Society(ISOC) established
• 1993 – Classless Inter-Domain Routing (CIDR)
• 1993 – InterNIC established
• 1993 – Mosaic web browser released
• 1994 – Full text web search engines
• 1994 – North American Network Operators’ Group(NANOG) established
Commercialization, privatization, broader access leads to the modern Internet:
• 1995 – New Internet architecture with commercialISPs connected at NAPs
• 1995 – NSFNET decommissioned
• 1995 – GOSIP updated to allow TCP/IP
• 1995 – very high-speed Backbone Network Service(vBNS)
• 1995 – IPv6 proposed
• 1998 – Internet Corporation for Assigned Names and Numbers (ICANN)
• 1999 – IEEE 802.11bwireless networking
• 1999 – Internet2/Abilene Network
• 1999 – vBNS+ allows broader access
• 2000 – Dot-com bubblebursts
• 2001 – New top-level domain names activated
• 2001 – Code Red I, Code Red II, and Nimda worms
• 2003 – UN World Summit on the Information Society (WSIS) phase I
• 2003 – National LambdaRailfounded
• 2004 – UN Working Group on Internet Governance (WGIG)
• 2005 – UN WSIS phase II
• 2006 – First meeting of the Internet Governance Forum
• 2010 – First internationalized country code top-level domains registered
• 2012 – ICANN begins accepting applications for new generic top-level domain names
Internet Giants:
• 1990 – IMDb Internet movie database
• 1995 – Amazon.com online retailer
• 1995 – eBay online auction and shopping
• 1995 – Craigslist classified advertisements
• 1996 – Hotmail free web-based e-mail
• 1997 – Babel Fishautomatic translation
• 1998 – Google Search
• 1998 – Yahoo! Clubs (now Yahoo! Groups)
• 1998 – PayPal Internet payment system
• 1999 – Napster peer-to-peer file sharing
• 2001 – BitTorrent peer-to-peer file sharing
• 2001 – Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
• 2003 – LinkedIn business networking
• 2003 – Myspace social networking site
• 2003 – Skype Internet voice calls
• 2003 – iTunes Store
• 2003 – 4Chan Anonymous image-based bulletin board
• 2003 – The Pirate Bay, torrent file host
• 2004 – Facebook social networking site
• 2004 – Podcast media file series
• 2004 – Flickr image hosting
• 2005 – YouTube video sharing
• 2005 – Reddit link voting
• 2005 – Google Earth virtual globe
• 2006 – Twitter microblogging
• 2007 – WikiLeaks anonymous news and information leaks
• 2007 – Google Street View
• 2007 – Kindle, e-book reader and virtual bookshop
• 2008 – Amazon Elastic Compute Cloud (EC2)
• 2008 – Dropbox cloud-based file hosting
• 2008 – Encyclopedia of Life, a collaborative encyclopedia intended to document all living species
• 2008 – Spotify, a DRM-based music streaming service
• 2009 – Bing search engine
• 2009 – Google Docs, Web-based word processor, spreadsheet, presentation, form, and data storage service
• 2009 – Kickstarter, athreshold pledge system
• 2011 – Google+ social networking